
Solar cell films are also known as thin-film solar cells. A thin-film solar cell is a second-generation solar cell consisting of one or more thin layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on glass, plastic, or metal. Moreover, these cells are commercially deployed in several technologies such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si). However, film thickness varies from a few nanometers (nm) to tens of micrometers (m). This allows thin film cells to be flexible as well as lighter in weight. In addition, solar cell films are increasingly deployed in building integrated photovoltaics. It is even deployed as semi-transparent, photovoltaic glazing material, which is further laminated onto windows. In addition, other commercial applications such as photovoltaic power stations increasingly employ rigid thin film solar panels (sandwiched between two panes of glass) to supply power into the electricity grid.