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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a type of assisted reproductive technology in which the ovum is artificially fertilized in laboratory settings and then implanted into the uterus. IVF is a widely popular treatment, adopted by couples with infertility problems, single mothers, and the LGBT community to procreate.

With the discovery of penicillin, the first naturally-occurring antibiotic, in 1928, and its mass production in the early 1940s, infections with Staphylococcus aureus were mostly treatable, without any major complications. However, clinicians soon observed the emergence of penicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, which was largely driven by bacterial expression of beta-lactamases. Methicillin, a novel penicillin analogue that was resistant to beta-lactamases, was introduced in 1959, and was initially effective against penicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. However, this success was short-lived, as the first methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain had been identified in the lab by 1961, and cases of MRSA were first observed in the clinic in 1968. Initially, MRSA strains only occurred in small and local outbreaks across the US and Europe, but they can now be found around the world.

The breast cancer pipeline is the largest in the pharmaceutical industry, with 1,050 products in active development across all stages. The range of mechanisms of action employed by these compounds is also highly diverse, especially in comparison to the existing market landscape. The degree and proportion of breakthrough innovations in this pipeline is exceptional – Publisher analysis identified 333 first-in-class programs in the breast cancer pipeline, acting on 251 first-in-class molecular targets. This accounts for some 39% of all products with a disclosed molecular target, and is reflective of the high degree of innovation in this indication. This has far-reaching strategic implications for all market participants, as despite the high attrition rate in breast cancer, it is highly likely many of the first-in-class products will reach the market over the coming decade and, will have the opportunity to transform the clinical and commercial landscape.

Autoimmune diseases are immunological disorders that occur when the immune system attacks and destroys healthy tissues in the body rather than foreign bodies, causing significant pain, inflammation, and organ damage. These diseases can affect the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system or individual organs, including the skin, lungs, kidneys, glands, and joints.