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Toxic Shock syndrome is a rare life threatening disease caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal exotoxins. The   bacteria that have infected some part of the body releases these toxins. It is observed that women suffer from toxic shock treatment more as compared to males. The toxins activate the immune system and damage the tissues by producing cytokines. The infection usually occurs due to the open cut wounds or sores from where the bacteria enters the body. Also it is believed that usage of tampons damages the vagina and attracts the bacteria to enter the blood stream. The disease is diagnosed by physical examinations, blood tests, urine tests, vaginal swabs and many more. As the disease is life threatening, if left untreated can cause reduced blood flow, kidney, heart and liver failure. The people suffering from toxic shock syndrome are hospitalized and treated with intravenous antibiotics and fluids to reduce toxin production and mortality. The open cuts should be treated and cleaned properly and tampons diaphragms and contraceptives such as copper T should be removed as they help in progressing the disease and create opening for the bacteria to grow more rapidly.

Introduced in 1982 by Schwartz et al. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a laboratory technique used by scientists to produce a DNA fingerprint for a bacterial isolate (a group of the same type of bacteria). By comparing the fingerprints of any two isolates, one can investigate if they belong to the same strain (i.e. the two isolates are clonal) or if they are genetically unrelated. PFGE is a powerful tool for characterizing various strains at the DNA level, obtaining relevant information on genome size and constructing the physical and genetic map of the chromosome of bacteria, in separating chromosomes in microorganisms, and in the long-range mapping of mammalian genes. PFGE is a highly discriminative molecular typing technique based upon the variable migration of large DNA restriction fragments in an electrical field of alternating polarity. The implementation of PFGE in international surveillance networks, such as PulseNet, and the availability of standardized protocols for important foodborne pathogens (E. coli, Listeria, Campylobacter) have facilitated the adoption of this technique. Though more recent typing methods are available, however, PFGE is still the gold standard in many national and international surveillance programs.

Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of death for both man and women. About 6,30,000 Americans die from the cardiac disease each year. The need of new diagnosis technologies is increasing with rising complex cardiac diseases prevalence. Most of the complex heart disease are needs complete diagnosis with safety and precisions. Cardiac mapping systems are the one of the diagnosis technique which identifies the temporal and spatial distribution of myocardial electrical potential. Cardiac mapping systems are most commonly used for effective diagnosis of the wide range of arrhythmias. More commonly cardiac mapping procedures are usually done through the catheter. Catheter inserts into the heart chamber percutaneously and recoding electro-grams sequentially. More commonly EP catheters are localized and navigated with the use of fluoroscopy. The 3-D cardiac mapping system is the new method of cardiac mapping with overcoming the limitation of conventional mapping. 3-D cardiac mapping systems offer the diagnosis of more complex arrhythmias such as macroreentrant AT, unstable VT, AF.

Tele-ICU is a network of computerized audio-visual communication that link critical care doctors and nurses (intensivists) to intensive care units (ICUs) in different hospitals regardless of distance. Tele-ICU intensivists give instantaneous services to multiple care centers located in any part the world. Tele-ICUs use distant command center which connects a critical care team (intensivists and critical care nurses) with patients with real-time audio, visual, and electronic means in distant ICUs. Tele-ICU services is not a replacement to the bedside team. Tele-ICU services offers support to increasingly scarce clinical resources. Along with aging population increased prevalence of critical illnesses and advances in higher-risk medical therapies demand for intensivists is increasing. Tele-ICU services is the best solution in sight looking at the shortage of intensivists, more aging population and increased prevalence of critical illness requiring ICU attention.

An iliac artery stent is small wire mesh which is used to treat the patient suffering from cardiovascular disorder. Iliac artery stent has its crucial application in holding open the iliac artery for the patent suffering from arteriosclerosis. Generally, iliac arteries are of two types, internal and external iliac arteries. The major role of the iliac artery is to carry blood from the heart to pelvis and legs. Atherosclerosis is a severe disease which affects the blood vessels such as iliac artery. Atherosclerosis is generally caused due to deposition of fat and cholesterol within the blood vessel which lead to thickening of blood vessel wall.  The thickened blood vessel wall become narrow which is responsible for the blockage of blood flow from the iliac artery. To remove this blockage from the iliac artery, a thin guide wire is inserted in the upper thigh of the patient through the small incision. This guide wire is attached with iliac artery stents and this process is generally visualized using the x-ray and special dye. This guide wire is inserted into the femoral artery and it is guided until it reaches the iliac artery. A balloon catheter is placed on the tip of the guide wire and it is inflated inside the narrow artery. After deflation of balloon, guide wire is removed from the artery. As the balloon is deflated but the stent remains in the narrow place to remove the blockage of the blood vessel.

An autopsy is also referred to as post-mortem, obduction or necroscopy. An autopsy is the type of procedure involved in the examination of dead bodies performed by medical doctors called pathologists, who have special training in examining tissues and body fluids. An autopsy is performed mainly to determine the cause of death, to characterize the extent of disease, for legal issues, for criminal investigation, to check the effectiveness of the treatment and for teaching and research purposes. Forensic autopsies are performed to determine if the death occurred was a suicide, accident, homicide or a natural event. Clinical autopsies are performed by the doctors to check the effectiveness of the given drug and to study its side effects. To perform a post-mortem procedure, different autopsy equipment are required, such as trolleys, autopsy platforms, dissection tables and other different accessories, such as knives, scalpel, etc. Nowadays, with advancements in technology, different automated autopsy equipment are used which decrease procedural timings as well as increase the efficiency of the process by dissecting tissues accurately.

Rift Valley Fever is an acute mosquito born viral disease caused by a virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus. It is a fever causing virus which most commonly affects domesticated animals, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and camel. The virus also has the ability to infect and cause illnesses in human beings. Rift valley fever was first reported in livestock by veterinary officers in Kenya's Rift Valley in the early 1910's. Rift valley fever exists in most of the sub-saharan Africa, Western Africa and Madagascar, but it is also found in the Eastern and Southern regions of Africa where sheep and cattle are reared. Rift valley fever outbreak was also reported in Saudi Arabia in September, 2000. Outbreaks of rift valley fever increase the likelihood of contact between humans and deceased animals, which can lead to an epidemic of rift valley fever in humans. In 1977, the virus was detected in Egypt and caused a large outbreak in both humans and animals, resulting in over 600 human deaths in the country.  

Dental curing lights are pieces of dental equipment used for the polymerization of light cure resin-based composites. They are also used for various dental anomalies which can be cured by light. They are lights which fall under the visible blue light spectrum and are delivered over a range of wavelengths which vary depending on the type of the device. The two most common types of dental curing lights are halogen curing lights and dental curing lights. The development of dental curing lights has changed the course of dentistry. Before dental curing lights were developed, different materials were used as resin-based composite materials to be placed in a tooth. The materials were mixed with a resin material and then placed inside the tooth. The material was then expected to self-cure. This presented several issues for dentists as they did not have any control over how quickly the material cured and if the material was improperly placed, the process had to be started all over again. The development of a new technology which used light to activate resin materials transformed dentistry. The materials did not need to be mixed and could be dispensed directly on site. This presented new advantages for dentists. For instance, dentist curing lights eliminate the time constraint and the dentist do not need to worry if the material was improperly placed. 

Auto disable syringes are single use syringe designed to block the barrel from depressing again or break the plunger after a single use. These are a type of safety syringes intended to avoid reuse of syringes. Advanced auto disable syringes have additional features such as needle stick prevention involving a sheath or hood which slides over the needle after single use. Another mechanism involves either manual or spring loaded retraction of the needle into the barrel of the syringe after single use.

Peritoneal cancer is a type of cancer which is very similar to the epithelial cancer which is only cured and treated by various peritoneal cancer treatment procedures. As peritoneum is a layer formed with epithelial cells and is present inside the abdomen as a layer and covering all the organs within it, it protects the organs and acts as a barrier to infection and other indications. Peritoneal cancer is more common in women than in men, as it is more likely to have the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic mutation. Interestingly, peritoneal cancer is often judged like ovarian cancer. This is primarily for the reason that the surface of the ovaries is made of epithelial cells as like the peritoneum. Despite its resemblances with ovarian cancer, peritoneal cancer can arise somewhere in the abdominal space affecting the surface of organs contained inside the peritoneum. Women can have peritoneal cancer even if her ovaries have been removed. Peritoneal cancer treatments are generally performed in order to omit the causes after diagnosing peritoneal cancer. A lot of other symptoms are associated with the peritoneal cancer which is useful in recognizing the stage of peritoneal cancer, such as abdominal discomfort, nausea, constipation, rectal bleeding, frequent urination and loss of appetite are few such symptoms that are useful in going for tests to detect peritoneal cancer. Tests includes general ultrasound, CA-125 blood test, barium enema, biopsy and paracentesis. There are effective peritoneal cancer treatments available for peritoneal cancer which is often performed as a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.