
Petroleum coke or petcoke, a solid rock material is a byproduct of crude oil refining and other cracking processes. Although a refining byproduct, petroleum coke is considered as a valued commodity since 2008, all over the world. Crude oil remained after separating other valuable petroleum products from refining process such as diesel, lubricants, waxes, etc. can be processed further in cokers or other cracking processes to produce petroleum coke. Different grades of petroleum coke are produced by varying the coking operation temperature, coking time length, and quality of raw material used. The grades available are needle coke, purge coke, sponge coke, shot coke, and catalyst coke. The different grades differ in their physical properties and VOC (Volatile Organic Content). It is generally used as a source of energy in various industries due to its high calorific value, as compared to metallurgical coal and bituminous coal. About 80% of the petroleum coke produced is used as energy source in various industries. Cement kiln and power plants are the chief end users. Another prominent use of petroleum coke is in manufacturing of metal, where it is used to manufacture anodes for EAFs (Electric Arc Furnaces). The niche applications of petroleum coke includes production of titanium dioxide for paint and coloring industry, feedstock for coke oven batteries, to produce urea and ammonium nitrate for paper industry and fertilizer, etc. High sulphur, low grade petroleum coke (fuel grade) is generally used as a source of energy, while low sulphur, high grade petroleum coke is used for other uses by the manufacturers. Petroleum coke is a cost effective alternative to coal with higher calorific value, lower ash content.