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Wide number of applications, increasing energy demand, Depleting conventional oil and gas reserves, concerns related to energy security, advancement in exploration and production techniques are some of the major factors driving tight oil market. Whereas, lack of modern technology in emerging countries, high capital requirement and negative environmental impacts are some of the factors restraining the growth of this market.

Cellulosic ethanol which is manufactured using inedible parts of plants, wood and grasses is a biofuel. Lignocellulose basically is a structural material that consists of mass of plants such as hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. Wood chips, panicum virgatum and some byproducts of tree maintenance are various cellulosic materials used for production of ethanol. Ethanol production form lignocellulose has advantage of abundant raw materials than other sources which include cane sugars and corn. These sources require large amount of processing to provide the microorganisms with sugar monomers that produce ethanol. Owing to high productivity per acre, switchgrass and miscanthus are the key raw materials which are studied in recent times. The two ways in which ethanol can be produced are gasification and fermentation process. The gasification process transforms the lignocellulose raw material into hydrogen and gaseous carbon monoxide. The other process is cellulolysis process in which hydrolysis is carried on pretreated lignocellulosic raw materials with the help of enzymes to break the complex cellulose into sugars that include glucose, which is followed by distillation and fermentation.

In 2013, the world consumed more than 1,200 billion liters of packaged liquid food, which was about 3.5% more than the consumption in 2012. The main segments of liquid food were water, soft drinks, dairy products and fruit juices among others. The consumer preference for ready–to-carry liquid food has led to a tremendous growth in the liquid packaging cartons market in the last decade, and this trend is only expected to increase in the forthcoming years. The liquid packaging cartons can be of various sizes, shapes and application types, and are easy to design and model according to the packager’s need.

Anti-reflective coatings or anti-reflection (AR) coatings belong to the group of optical coatings which are applied on the surface of lenses and other optical devices for the purpose of reducing reflection. AR coatings typically comprise of single or multiple layers of transparent, silica materials piled together depending upon the end-user application. They are widely employed in the manufacturing of optical devices to improve their transmission and reflection properties. AR coatings are also used in complex systems such as telescopes for the reduction of reflections, improving the contrast of the image with the elimination of stray light. They are also consumed in eyeglass lenses, primarily for the elimination of the reflection to reduce the glint from binoculars. Some major applications for AR coatings include infrastructure, defense/security, electronics, and solar among others.

High Performance computing is defined as aggregation of processes for delivering higher and efficient performance as compared to other desktop workstation or computer helping the companies to solve problems related to engineering, business, or science. High performance computers are clusters of more than one processor with node size range from 16 to 64 nodes. High performance computers help to solve problems of recurring and complex operations as individual nodes work together and hence can solve problem more efficiently than one computer. High performance computing has wide applications in various fields such as weather forecasting, molecular modeling, physical simulations, and quantum mechanics. Factors such as economic competitiveness and new product innovations are driving the demand for high performance computing market currently. Moreover recent developments such as cloud based approach in high performance computing market are captivating SMEs (small to medium-sized enterprises) in the market. SMEs using high performance computers would minimize the initial investments for building infrastructure, hardware implementation and thus the high performance computing market is expected to grow exponentially in near future. Globally high performance computing market is experiencing a strong adoption as increase in data centers and huge investment by government is increasing rapidly among the users. High performance computing applications are experiencing a rapid adoption as users are able to solve challenges related to simulation and scientific modeling of different processes and events.

Biomarkers also known as biological markers are characteristics that are measured in order to assess and predict biological condition of the body and thus help physicians in clinical decision making. Some major diseases which are diagnosed by using biomarkers include diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases. Biomarkers play critical role in identifying and accurate diagnosis of these diseases at early stage and provide better treatment option. Imaging biomarkers can be classified as diagnostic biomarkers, monitoring biomarkers and predictive biomarkers. Diagnostic biomarkers are helpful in predicting a patient’s exact clinical outcome. Monitoring biomarkers provides clinical outcome of a patient after intake of a particular drug while predictive biomarkers help in predicting if a specific drug is likely to change clinical outcome of a patient.

Cosmetic procedures include elective surgical as well as nonsurgical procedures performed to reshape normal structures of the body. These procedures and cosmetic products are carried out to improve appearance of an individual thereby boosting self-confidence and self-esteem. The global market for cosmetic procedures and products is expanding both in terms of value and number of procedures performed annually. Several industry experts quote that ageing population, growing acceptance of cosmetic surgery, and interest of people for aesthetic reasons are the prime factors responsible for the market growth.

Copper denoted by the symbol Cu is a ductile metal with very high electrical and thermal conductivity. Copper is soft and malleable in its pure form and is used to fabricate pipes and cables. Copper finds application in various building material, high speed data transmission, solar energy, storage of nuclear waste, superconductor and metal alloys. Copper compounds are also used as fungicides, wood preservatives and bacteriostatic substances.

Anthracite is a hard and compact variety of coal that has the highest content of carbon amongst all types of coals. With fewer impurities & highest calorific value there is a global increase in anthracite’s demand which is escalating the anthracite coal mining market. It accounts for only 1% of the total world’s coal reserves. Residue left over after the combustion of anthracite has fewer impurities with negligible smoke compared to other varieties of coal which makes it an efficient fuel. The global market for anthracite coal mining keeps on changing and evolving based on new partnerships, acquisitions or new players. There is a fundamental shift in the mineral resources market where the traditional producers and suppliers are diverting supplies to domestic consumers and are focusing on its imports.

With the ever rising demand for the minerals and metals, the need for surface mining is increasing and has lead to a direct positive effect on the surface mining market. According to EIA the world coal consumption is increasing at the rate of 1.3% per year, which is extracted mostly from the surface and the underground activities. As per the report of Hartman and Mutmansky (2002), in USA the surface mining contributes about 85% of all mineral exploitation (metallic ore 98%, non metallic ore 97% and coal 61%). Beside coal, the demand for other minerals and metals such as gold, chromium, nickel and iron ore is also rising, hence we can think of the overall positive impact on the surface mining market.