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The first generation of device designs for mechanical heart valves included a caged-ball construct. These devices functioned similar in fashion to a ballpoint pen, serving as a one-way flow point for blood between the chambers of the heart. However, this design was not ideal in that the heart had to work harder to maintain flow through the valve. Subsequent generations of device design focused on an open-and-close valve, which allowed for central blood flow. Mechanical heart valves may be combined with a conduit for use in cases requiring the reconstruction of both the aortic heart valve and the aorta.

This report studies the global Radiology Information Systems market, analyzes and researches the Radiology Information Systems development status and forecast in United States, EU, Japan, China, India and Southeast Asia.

Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB), or simply beating-heart coronary artery bypass grafting, utilizes a medial sternotomy to access the heart, similarly to on-pump coronary artery bypass (ONCAB) procedures. The important difference is that the cardiopulmonary bypass pump is not employed. Clinical studies show that OPCAB offers several benefits compared to ONCAB procedures, including reductions in bleeding, decreases in short-term neurocognitive dysfunction, kidney dysfunction and length of hospital stay. Despite these advantages, the inherent technical challenges of performing OPCAB have impeded its widespread adoption.

This report studies Antimicrobial Medical Textiles in Global market, especially in North America, China, Europe, Southeast Asia, Japan and India, with production, revenue, consumption, import and export in these regions, from 2012 to 2016, and forecast to 2022.

Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. Changes in the pressure of blood through the pulmonary artery can be an indicator of heart failure or worsening heart failure. Following changes in blood pressure, heart failure will cause shortness of breath and weight gain.

Some studies have suggested that PFO closure can reduce the incidence of migraine headaches. While surgery would be considered too risky a treatment for the vast majority of migraine sufferers, these patients represent a large potential market for a less invasive percutaneous procedure. As a result, a number of clinical trials including the PREMIUM, PRIMA, CLOSURE I, ESCAPE, MIST I and MIST II clinical trials were created to investigate the use of PFO devices in treating patients with severe migraines.

SynCardia's CardioWest™ was the world's first FDA-approved total artificial heart. It received FDA approval in October 2004 following a ten-year pivotal clinical study. The CardioWest™ was originally designed as a permanent replacement heart, but was approved as a bridge-to-transplant device for patients dying due to irreversible end-stage biventricular failure in which both the left and right ventricles of their hearts are failing.

The American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that 5.1 million people suffer from HF in the U.S. and approximately 550,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Pharmacologic therapies remain the most widely used approach for treatment of HF but heart transplantation remains the only curative option for late stages of the disease. Other procedures to treat HF include angioplasty, biventricular pacing, valve replacement, bypass and left ventricular reduction surgery.

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Recently, minimally invasive cardiac surgery has started to gain popularity among surgeons and patients. Minimally invasive procedures allow for reduced hospitalization and less scarring. The growth of the minimally invasive procedures comes from the cannibalization of the open-heart surgery procedures. Currently, many types of minimally invasive procedures do not have FDA approval. As more products get FDA approved, the minimally invasive procedures are expected to grow at a much higher rate and cause the open-heart procedures to decline.