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Waste treatment disposal comes under waste management process. Waste management comprises all the activities and actions required to manage the waste from its founding to its final disposal. These activities include collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste along with monitoring and regulation. It also comprises the legal and regulatory framework that concerns with waste management including guidance on recycling and so on. Waste treatment disposal is attributed to reduce adverse effects of waste on the environment, the health, or the aesthetics. Different types of waste include the waste generated during the extraction of raw materials, the consumption of final products, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, or other human activities such as municipal (residential, institutional, and commercial), agricultural, and social (health care, household hazardous wastes, and sewage sludge). The waste treatment disposal practices may differ as per countries, regions, and sectors.

Firewall is a network security device that controls the flow of traffic and puts up the barrier between networks. A firewall acts as a middle layer between trusted and untrusted networks and filters the network traffic. The basic functions of the firewall are routing and setting barriers, however, it is also used for URL filtering/blocking, bandwidth management, intrusion detection, anti-virus and content policy enforcement.

Content management software (CMS) application is used to create and manage digital content. Basically, CMS used for Enterprise Content Management (ECM) and Web Content Management (WCM). Content management applications include document management, web content management, digital rights management, authoring tools, search and portal functions which can be integrated into business processes.

Computer aided engineering (CAE) involves processes of solving engineering problems through the use of sophisticated and interactive graphical software. This software supports different tasks like validation, simulation, analysis, and manufacturing of engineering product. When CAE is incorporated with optimization systems, it allows for more computations than is possible by hand.

Earlier, the mining industry was mainly dependent only on the labor force. Miners usually used tools such as iron chisels and hammers, compressed drills, pickaxes, and other manually operated tools for mining operations. Hence, to reduce the manual intervention in order to save the time utilized and associated costs there was a need for smart mining. The introduction of numerous smart mining technologies for carrying out mining operations thus has changed the picture of the mining industry. Some of trending smart mining technologies include several automated mining equipment, RFID tags, sensors, and various types of mine monitoring and analytics software.

Solar wind hybrid systems are hybrid power systems combining wind turbines with other storage or generation sources. It is a small hybrid electric system that combines wind energy and solar electric, that is, photovoltaic, generating electricity on regular basis. These systems have a wide range of applications in isolated locations, rural areas, off grids, house lighting, road lighting, landscape lighting, fishing boat, telecommunication system, yacht, and other electronic monitoring systems. These systems comprise wind turbine, PV array, battery bank, hybrid controller, loads, inverters, and another connector. Solar wind hybrid power system is a consolidated power generating system which generates power by solar energy panel and windmill. It consists of a battery that is used to accumulate the energy generated from both the resources. With this system, power generated by both windmill and photovoltaic module when light radiation is available can be easily attained.

Internet of Things (IoT) security increases efficiency and enables new services by connecting devices such as industrial equipment and consumer objects on to a network. It also facilitates gathering of information and management of these devices through software. IoT integrates hardware, communication services, embedded software, and IT services. IoT helps in creating smart communication environments such as smart shopping, smart healthcare, smart homes, and smart transportation. Some of the major components of IoT are wireless sensor network (WSN), cloud services, near field communication (NFC), radio frequency identification (RFID), data storage & analytics, gateways, and visualization elements. It also helps in the effective management and monitoring of multiple interconnected devices.

The superhydrophobic coating is a nanoscopic surface layer which repels water. Water droplets hitting on such kind of coating can fully rebound and form a shape of the column or a pancake. Superhydrophobic coatings are used in ultra-dry surface applications. These coatings cause an almost invisible thin layer of air to form on top of a surface. Moreover, superhydrophobic coatings are also found in nature. For example, they appear on plant leaves such as the Lotus leaf, and on some insect wings. The coating can be sprayed onto objects to make them waterproof. The spray is an anticorrosive and anti-icing. It has several properties such as cleaning capabilities and can be used to protect circuits and grids. The performance of superhydrophobic coatings depends on their delicate micro or nanostructure which is responsible for enhanced repellence. This structure is easily damaged by abrasion or cleaning; hence, these coatings are usually used on things such as electronic components, which are not prone to wear.

The process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste is called as waste-to-energy. It is also known as energy-from-waste. Waste-to-energy can be called as a form of energy recovery process. Most of the waste-to-energy processes produce electricity and heat directly through combustion or produce combustible fuel commodities such as methane, methanol, ethanol, or synthetic fuels. Presently, the most common waste-to-energy implementation is incineration. It is the combustion of organic materials such as waste with energy recovery. Apart from incineration, other waste-to-energy technologies are thermal technologies and non-thermal technologies. Thermal technologies include gasification, thermal depolymerization, pyrolysis, and plasma arc gasification process. Non-thermal technologies include anaerobic digestion, fermentation production, and mechanical biological treatment.

A device which extracts water from humid ambient air is known as atmospheric water generator. In atmospheric water generator, water vapor in the air is condensed either by cooling the air below its dew point, by exposing the air to desiccants, or by pressurizing the air. They are useful where pure drinking water is difficult or impossible to obtain, as there is almost always a small amount of water in the air that can be extracted and used. Though using atmospheric water generator considerable amount of water can be extracted, the extraction of atmospheric water may not be completely free of cost. This is because a significant input of energy is required to drive some atmospheric water generator processes.