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The liver is one of the most important organs of the human body and performs major functions, such as removal of harmful substances from blood, maintains adequate level of chemicals in the body and stores nutrients for all cellular and biological activities. Improper functioning of liver cause many severe diseases, such as hepatitis A, B, C, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and tumors. Some inherited diseases, such as Wilson's Disease, Alagille Syndrome and Hemochromatosis are also occurred by improper functioning of liver. Some of the major reasons for improper functioning of liver are genetic disorder, excessive alcohol consumption and obesity. Some of these may also lead to permanent damage of liver.

Costume jewelry (also known as fashion jewellery, trinkets, junk jewelry, fake jewelry and fallalery) is a jewelry made of less valuable materials as compared with valuable materials such as gold, diamond, platinum and other precious metals and gem. The raw material used for these jewelleries include base metals, glass, plastic, synthetic stones, semi-precious stones, beads, ivory, lac, leather, terracotta, pearl and metals such as silver, aluminum and brass. On the basis of products, the costume jewelry industry is broadly categorized as bracelets, brooch, earrings, necklaces, chokers, bangles, finger rings, toe rings, anklets and pendants.

Next generation sequencing is defined as a process of DNA sequencing decide the exact order of nucleotides inside a DNA molecule. Next generation sequencing allows rapid sequencing and produces a million DNA molecules and RNA sequences using next generation sequencer. Next generation sequencing is a high throughput sequencing. Next generation sequencing includes various modern sequencing technologies like Illumina sequencing and Roche 454 sequencing. Next generation sequencing is not very costly and gives a high throughput for DNA sequencing compared to traditional Sanger's sequencing method. Next generation sequencing applications are in the field of genetic disease research newborn sequencing metagenomics, personalized medicines, biological drug discovery, agriculture research, animal research and cancer research.Also identification of binding sites on transcriptional factor, non-coding RNA expression profiling and re- sequencing of targets are some more applications of next generation sequencing.

Biosimilar is a biological product highly similar to a biologic i.e. reference products; however not identical to it. Biosimilars are not generics and are never treated as generics by manufacturing companies and suppliers. Alternatively referred to as bio-pharmaceuticals or follow-on biologics, biosimilars differ from generics in the entire manufacturing process, right from the raw materials used in their manufacturing. Generally derived from plants, bacteria, yeast, animals, and viruses, biosimilars are produced essentially by the two key processes, controlled gene expression and recombinant DNA technology.

In-vitro diagnostics is a method of performing a diagnostic test to detect disease, condition or infection in an artificial environment. Molecular diagnostic is one of the major segments of in-vitro diagnostics market. Molecular diagnostics is used to measure and detect the presence of genetic material associated with specific disease. It is used to identify DNA and RNA at molecular level. Molecular diagnostics is a tool to improve clinical outcomes and medical decisions. Molecular diagnostic includes all tests used to identify a disease, by analyzing molecules such as DNA, protein or RNA in a fluid or tissue. Nowadays molecular diagnostics is used in early detection of infectious diseases, cancer and genetic disorder, by using molecular and genetic technologies. Molecular diagnostics is also used in detection of abnormalities in pre-natal stage. In addition, molecular diagnostic kits are used in pharmacogenetics testing and blood donor screening.

Biomarkers are molecular or cellular diagnostic tools, measured in biological samples such as blood, saliva and urine. It is used as an indicator to measure and evaluate biological processes, pharmacological response and pathogenic processes. Some of the major types of biomarkers are prognostic, predictive, pharmacodynamic and efficacy response biomarker. A variety of biomarkers are available for biological systems such as immune system, cardiovascular system and metabolic system. Biomarkers are used to detect, predict disease susceptibility and monitor disease progression for infectious diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, central nervous system disease and autoimmune diseases. Biomarker technologies have its applications in diagnosis and prognostic treatment for exposure of harmful chemicals, drug formulation and development and increasing implementation in disease diagnosis. Many drugs fail in clinical trials due to metabolism, toxicity, absorption, etc. Biomarkers are special tools usually used in clinical studies to determine the effects and desired results of drug in early stages of development. Biomarkers are cost effective and reliable for developing, monitoring and predicting efficiency of drugs.

Bio-microsystem is a group of miniaturized and integrated devices for biological or biochemical reactions in diagnostics, monitoring, therapy, and research and development. Some of the advantages of bio-microsystems are parallelism, integrated intelligence, low cost, speed, complexity and redundancy. Biochip is one of the examples of technical development of bio-microsystem. Biochip is a collection of microarrays arranged on a solid substrate which allows hundreds or thousands of complex biochemical reactions such as decoding genes in few seconds. Biochips are used in variety of applications such as research application in biotechnology such as genomics and proteomics, drug screening and development and molecular diagnostics. It also offers other diagnostic applications such as microfluidic technologies, microarray and biosensors. Biochip is also used to analyze organic molecules associated with living organisms. Biochip helps in identifying gene sequences, airborne toxins, environmental pollutants and other biochemical constituents. There are various types of biochips such as DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip and protein chips. Chip based analysis is mainly used in on-site diagnostics.

The rise in number of COPD and asthma cases, globally, strongly backed by increase in disposable income, growing awareness regarding the treatment and management of asthma and COPD, increasing prevalence of lung cancer, and increase in life expectancy are some of the factors that are driving the growth of the interventional pulmonology market.

Demand for Cutaneous Mastocytosis Treatment to Surge with Notably Improving Early Diagnosis Rate, Finds PMR

A recent report published by Persistence Market Research, titled 'Corn Steep Liquor Market: Global Industry Analysis 2013–2017 and Forecast 2018–2028', projects that the approximately US$ 2.6 Bn corn steep liquor market is anticipated to surpass the revenue worth US$ 3.5 Bn by the end of 2028. The report has projected a moderate 4% CAGR for global corn steep liquor market during 2018-2028.