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Microarray technology helps to analyze gene expression through information contained within a genome. A microarray is a collection of many small DNA probes, which are arranged in a regular pattern.

Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material which exhibits a glass transition. Glass can also take reversible transition in amorphous materials from a hard and relatively brittle material state to a molten or plastic state. Glasses are basically brittle in state and are optically transparent in nature. Most commonly known glass type is soda-lime glass (made up of 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), lime (CaO) and various minor additives materials). Flexible glass is an ultra-thin glass having the properties of a rigid glass material. Properties such as strength, temperature stability and durability in a flexible nature are associated with flexible glasses. Additionally, flexible glass can also attain the property of plastics such as scratch resistance and rigidity. Flexible glass is majorly used to increase the strength and flexibility of the finished product, in turn increases the life of the products. Additionally, flexible glass also helps the electronic gadgets to reduce their weight, increases its attractiveness, making it handy and better or high quality products.

Soda ash also known as sodium carbonate is a salt of carbnoic acid. Soda ash is hygroscopic in nature and forms strong alkaline solution in water.Soda ash is manufactured via three different process viz. Leblanc process, Solvay process and Hou's process. Solvay process is most preferred manufacturing process in the industry due to its efficiency and cost. In this process, sodium chloride to sodium carbonate in presence of ammonia. Soda ash finds applications in various end-user industries such as glass, detergents, food and beverages, chemicals and dyeing among others.

Pyrite also known as iron pyrite or fool's gold is an iron sulfide mineral. Pyrite is pale brass yellow colored and has metallic luster thus having resemblance with gold. Pyrite is found with other oxides and sulfide in rocks and coal beds. Some of the countries such as Peru, the U.S., Russia, Spain and South Africa have commercially important deposits of pyrite. The flat radial disks of pyrites are also known as dollars or sun. Pyrite is used in various applications such as production of sulfur compounds such as sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid, cathode material, semiconductor material and marcasite jewelry items. In addition, pyrite is used as filler in wheels and brake pads. Moreover, the pyrites are used as an ore for gold, as both forms under similar conditions and are available in same rocks. Pyrite is also used as gemstone and is considered as a stone of warmth and power.

Polytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT) is a semi crystalline polymer manufactured by polycondensation of trimethylene glycol with either a dimethyl terephthalate or a terephthalic acid. It finds major application in industrial and residential carpet market. Polytrimethylene terephthalate has similar optical properties as that of polyethylene terephthalate fibers. However, its elastic recovery is beyond that of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Polytrimethylene terephthalate is soft, resistant to stretching and wrinkle resistance.

Polymerization inhibitors are also known as polymerization retardants, polymerization controllers, polymerization suppressors and polymerization terminators among others. Polymerization inhibitors are specialty chemicals which are required to stabilize reactive monomers and prevent is from spontaneous polymerization process.

Polycaprolactone is a bio-based polymer which is biodegradable. Polycaprolactone is manufactured from polymerization of ?-caprolactone using stannous octoate as a catalyst. Polycaprolactone is used in application such as hobbyist market and prototyping. Polycaprolactone offer strength, higher flexibility and stability to the materials used as mounting devices in the hobbyist market. It is also used in films and laminates which comes in direct or indirect contact with food products.

Polyamideimide fibers are one of the most essential fibers in aramid family. Polyamideimide fibers are thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers which have excellent chemical, thermal and mechanical resistance properties. Polyamideimide fibers have properties of both polyamides and polyimides. Polyamideimide fibers are non flammable due to higher double bonds and aromatic structures. Polyamideimide fibers offer higher resistance to abrasion and fire. Polyamideimide fibers have lower thermal conductivity as compared to other aramid fibers. Due to excellent chemical resistance polyamideimide fibers finds applications in chemical plants where there is regular spillage of chemicals. Polyamideimide fibers offer excellent protection against flame and radiant heat. Polyamideimide fibers will not melt and will not form molten droplets. Polyamideimide fibers can be either manufactured through diisocyantes or acid chloride method.

Nitric acid, also known as spirit of niter or aqua fortis, is a corrosive mineral acid. Nitric acid in pure form is colorless and becomes pale yellow due to decomposition of oxides. Commercially sold nitric acid has concentration of around 70%. Nitric acid with more than 85% concentration is known as fuming nitric acid. Depending upon the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid is further classified as red fuming and white fuming depending upon the color of the solution. Nitric acid is used as a reagent in nitration reactions. Few of the nitric acid based compounds are unstable and are generally sued in explosives while the stable compounds are used in manufacturing of paints, dyes and pigments. Commercially, nitric acid is manufactured through Ostwald's process in which there is catalytic oxidation of anhydrous ammonia. The process gives nitric oxide which is again treated with water and then reoxidized to get nitric acid. The aqueous solutions will have concentration of around 65% while further concentration of more than 95% is achieved through dehydration with 98% sulfuric acid.

Mineral sand industry involves mining and processing of titanium dioxide and zircon products such as ilmenite, rutile and upgraded TiO2products of synthetic rutile and slag. Both titanium dioxide and zircon have different properties and have distinct end-users. Titanium dioxide is used as whitening pigment in paper processing, plastics and paints and coatings. Titanium dioxide is also used in welding flux wire cord and titanium metal. Zircon is used in production of ceramic tiles. Other applications for zircon are foundry and refractory castings, zirconia and zirconium chemicals which are used in nuclear rods and catalytic fuel converters.On the basis of product types the market for mineral sand is divided as zircon, rutile, synthetic rutile, chloride slag, sulphate slag and ilmenite among others. Rutile, synthetic rutile, chloride slag, sulphate slag and ilmenite are the products types of titanium dioxide. Upgraded ilmenite (chloride slag, sulphate slag and synthetic rutile) had the largest market share in mineral sand industry.