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Dentistry is defined as the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of diseases, disorders, and/or conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area, and/or the adjacent and associated structures using surgical, nonsurgical, or related procedures. Concern for oral care is increasing due to rising prevalence of tooth decay, periodontal diseases, tooth erosion, and tooth sensitivity Dentists use various tools for different procedures such as removing cavity and cleaning teeth. These tools are made of metals such as stainless steel and tungsten carbide. Dental drills are available in various designs. Dental drill is basically composed of an air turbine, a hand-piece and tungsten carbide drill bit. Hand piece is a tube shaped slender connecting drill bit with the driving motor. Drill bit is the essential part of dental drill. Dental drills are constructed from a variety of raw materials such as metals and polymers. The most advance hand piece is made with titanium. Electric operated dental drill generate large amount of heat. It performs cutting action smoothly. Dental drill is frequently used by dentists and dental practitioners for treating cavities in diseases such as dental caries and abscesses, as to restore teeth. It bores through tooth enamel and removes or clean plaque from the surface of the tooth. After drilling the tooth completely, accurately and properly, it is prepared for filling with suitable material and crown to strengthen teeth. It also helps in reducing further damage. New innovations and technological advancement are replacing dental drill with lasers. Nowadays, a new method known as air-abrasive technology is used by dentists of treating cavities. In this new method dentist blasts away parts of the tooth surface without using a drill.

Self-cleaning glass, also known as low-maintenance glass, leverages an innovative dual-action process that involves decomposition of organic dirt on the windows by sunlight; which is later washed away by the rain.

Most of the infants are born normal and healthy at the time of birth and with no family history of disorders . Unfortunately, once symptom appears in child, they are often irreversible leading to severe health and developmental problems. Newborn screening helps in identifying diseases, which can affect a child's health in the long run, at an early stage. Newborn screening, which includes a series of tests, is essential for early detection, diagnosis, and management , to prevent disability and death of a child. These tests, which are performed shortly after the birth of a baby, are used for the detection of genetic, developmental, and metabolic disorders in newborn babies. Various tests such as dry blood spot tests , hearing screening, and critical congenital heart disease tests are conducted to diagnose conditions such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, newborn hearing loss, critical congenital heart disease, congenital hypothyroidism, maple syrup urine disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Blood tests are conducted by collecting blood samples from a 24-48 hour old baby's heel for laboratory analysis. The screening helps healthcare professionals to identify and take interventional steps before symptoms develop and prevent child from fatal disorder . Screening of conditions and cost of tests are different in different regions . Based on technology, the newborn screening market is categorized into tandem mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, immunoassays, and enzymatic assays, pulse oximetry screening technology, DNA-based assays, and hearing screen technology.

Bipolar disorder is also known as manic-depressive illness. Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood and activity levels of an individual. Some researchers and scientists have suggested that people with certain genes are more likely to develop bipolar disorder than others. Children with a parent and sibling who have bipolar disorder are much more likely to develop the illness, compared to other children who do not have a family history of bipolar disorder.

Cardiovascular diseases, also known as heart diseases, are diseases of heart and circulatory system. Some of the most common cardiovascular diseases are hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cerebrovascular heart disease, ischemic heart disease and inflammatory heart disease. Hypertensive heart disease occurs due to high blood pressure. Major problems associated with hypertensive heart disease include heart failure, hypertrophy, coronary heart disease and angina. Rheumatic heart disease is caused by rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever occurs by preceding group A streptococcal infection. It is one of the most common acquired heart diseases in children in many countries of the world, especially in developing countries. Cerebrovascular disease affects blood vessels of the brain. Most common types of cerebrovascular disease are vascular dementia, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Ischemic heart disease is characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart. It is one of the most common causes of death in western parts of the world. Inflammatory heart disease occurs due to the infection of bacteria and virus. This type of inflammation is often associated with episodes of rheumatic fever and kawasaki disease.

Sexual dysfunction refers to a medical condition that leads to constant or recurring inability to attain sexual arousal. Treatment for this dysfunction is usually received by consulting primary care physicians; however, ED doctors can also be consulted. It has been observed that as compared to men, women are more prone to sexual dysfunction. Female sexual dysfunction can arise at any stage of life; it may continue or occur a few times. Sexual dysfunction may occur due to physical or psychological disorders. Physical disorders include heart and neurological diseases, hormonal imbalances, diabetes, and menopause . In addition, chronic diseases such as alcoholism, kidney diseases, liver problems, and drug abuse also lead to sexual dysfunction. Psychological disorders causing sexual dysfunction include anxiety, work-related stress, relationship problems or past trauma. The global market for female sexual dysfunction is growing at a significant rate due to increase in the incidences of sexual dysfunction among women and increasing awareness about the same.

The gene therapy market has undergone a series of transformation from past few years. Initially gene therapy of monogenetic diseases was popular; however now the gene therapy market is gaining popularity for treatment of cancer. Cancer gene therapy refers to a process of treatment of cancer by inserting therapeutic DNA into patient. Cancer gene therapy is gaining popularity as a result of its success rate in preclinical and clinical trial stages. The most common technique for cancer gene therapy involves replacing a mutated gene that is causing cancer with a healthy copy of gene. Other technique involves inactivation of a gene that is not working properly. A new technique that is being introduced to cancer gene therapy market involves insertion of new genes into the body that would help to fight against tumor cells.

Next generation sequencing is a process of DNA sequencing to determine the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Next generation sequencing technology enables rapid sequencing and produces million of DNA and RNA sequence with the use of next generation sequencer. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is also known as high-throughput sequencing. NGS has number of different modern sequencing technologies such as Illumina sequencing and Roche 454 sequencing. NGS provides a low cost and high throughput alternative for sequencing DNA as compare to traditional Sanger sequencing. NGS provides its services in the research field such as cancer research, metagenomics, genetic disease research and newborn sequencing. Several NGS platforms provide low cost and high throughput sequencing such as Illumina MiSeq, life technologies ion proton and personal genome machine. Whole-genome sequencing, discovery of transcriptional factor binding sites, non-coding RNA expression profiling and targeted re-sequencing are some of the applications of next generation sequencing technologies. Next generation sequencing is used in various fields such as biological drug discovery, agriculture research, personalized medicines and animal research.

In-vitro diagnostics is a method of performing a diagnostic test to detect disease, condition or infection in an artificial environment. Molecular diagnostic is one of the major segments of in-vitro diagnostics market. Molecular diagnostics is used to measure and detect the presence of genetic material associated with specific disease. It is used to identify DNA and RNA at molecular level. Molecular diagnostics is a tool to improve clinical outcomes and medical decisions. Molecular diagnostic includes all tests used to identify a disease, by analyzing molecules such as DNA, protein or RNA in a fluid or tissue. Nowadays molecular diagnostics is used in early detection of infectious diseases, cancer and genetic disorder, by using molecular and genetic technologies. Molecular diagnostics is also used in detection of abnormalities in pre-natal stage. In addition, molecular diagnostic kits are used in pharmacogenetics testing and blood donor screening.

The rate of hospital admissions is increasing; however, the healthcare infrastructure is not growing at a similar pace, hence leading to overburdening and inadequate flow in the healthcare system. Flow is the part of a patient care pathway in which the movement of patients, information, or equipment flows between organization, departments, or staff. Inadequate patient flow management can lead to problems such as overcrowding in the emergency department, excessive waiting time, delayed surgeries in the operating room schedule, shortage of availability of ICUs and medical beds, overburdened staff, poor patient outcomes, and higher rate of complications. Healthcare providers are progressively adopting patient flow management solutions in order to manage patient flow, reduce burden on staff, and meet consumer expectations. Patient flow management solutions use real-time data inputs and combine them with analytical and statistical software in order to design efficient work flow. It helps to provide enhanced healthcare at reduced costs, and improving the flow of patients is one way of bettering healthcare services. Patient flow management solutions are used to improve the patient flow, and enhance the hospital efficiency in a bid to deliver premium healthcare services to the patients. It helps to optimize hospitals operations in real-time and reduce overcrowding, enhance patient experience, decrease the length of stay, accelerate patient movement, and provide actionable data for continuous improvement. It also helps the hospitals to better utilize their existing capacity. Patient flow management solution has become essential for the hospitals in order to streamline patient flow outcome and cost management.