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Refinery catalysts are used by petroleum refineries in the cracking process. Global refinery catalyst market is mainly driven by the increasing demand for cleaner petroleum products. Based on type, the refinery catalyst can be categorized into seven segments namely Hydroprocessing Catalysts, Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts, Alkylation Catalysts, Hydrogen Manufacturing Catalysts, Hydrodesulphurization Catalysts, Isomerization Catalysts and Others.

Surgical microscope is a device that enables optimal surgical outcomes through high quality optical images. It also offers freedom of movement to the surgeon, while performing critical medical surgeries. It is an optical medical device that is specifically designed for used for 3D visualization of an undergoing surgery. It is a part of surgical setting and enables patients, staff and students to have the same view as the surgeon. Surgical microscopes have applications in various areas such as ENT surgery, dentistry, neurosurgery, ophthalmic surgery and others. Surgical microscopes market is growing at a significant rate due to growing awareness about this technology and technological advancement in the field. There are various varieties of surgical microscopes depending upon their medical applications such as surgical microscopes are ophthalmology/optometry microscopes, neurosurgery microscopes, ENT microscopes, spine microscopes and plastic reconstructive surgery microscopes. Surgical microscope devices market is growing at a fast rate due to increase in the number of surgeries and advancement in the healthcare facilities.

Cardiac disease is a group of disorders of blood vessels and heart. Congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease and heart rhythm problems are some of the major cardiac diseases. Most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of blood vessels and coronary artery i.e. ischemic heart disease. Cardiac disease is mainly caused due to high cholesterol, smoking and high blood pressure. In addition, several other diseases such as, diabetes and obesity, and lifestyle changes such as poor nutrition, excessive alcohol and physical inactivity causes higher risk of cardiac diseases. In the U.S. heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010, in the U.S. approximately 600,000 people die due to heart disease. Prevention or control of heart disease is essential. Prevention from heart disease can be done by, controlling high blood pressure, lifestyle changes, lowering cholesterol, exercising and maintaining health weight. Heart disease treatment varies by condition. Cardiovascular implants have unique blood biocompatibility property, to ensure that the device is not rejected due to adverse thrombogenic or hemodynamic blood responses. There are various implantable cardiac devices such as cardiovascular stent, left ventricular assisted device, pacemakers, artificial hearts, defibrillators and vascular grafts. Pacemakers help in controlling the abnormal heart rhythm. Similarly, implantable defibrillator prevents cardiac arrest. Cardiac implant is composed of polymeric material such as hydrolytically degradable polyesters.

Medical flat panel detector is used for projection of radiographic or fluoroscopic medical diagnosis. Medical flat panel detector composed of sheet of glass covered with amorphous silicon. Medical flat panel detector provides superior image quality, high sensitivity, low noise, reduces image lag, immediate capture of image, lower radiation dose to patient and high resolution of image. Medical flat panel detector works on technologies such as indirect conversion of X-rays to light and direct conversion of X-rays into charge. Medical flat panel detectors are used in veterinary, mammography, cardiac angiographic imaging, scientific instrumentation, bone densinometry, tomosynthesis, radiation therapy, radio-surgery for oncology treatment and industrial non destructive testing applications.

Lab-on-chips is changing the field of diagnosis. Lab-on-chips is an integrated miniaturized device used to perform laboratory operations on a single micro-process chip in small scale. Lab-on-chip is also known as micro-total analytical system. Lab-on-chips combine microfluidics and microelectronics on a single chip to perform complex tests. Lab-on-chip has its main application in biotechnological and medical applications. Lab-on-chip is used in the application of microfluidic-chip-based technologies such as medical diagnostics, chemical synthesis and the study of complex cellular process. Lab-on-chips helps in providing quick diagnosis.

Diabetes refers to a group of metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar level. Diabetes occurs due to inadequate secretion of insulin inside the pancreas. Some of the common symptoms for diabetes are frequent urination, excessive thirst, increased hunger, weight loss and tiredness. Type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes are three types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease occurred due to high blood glucose level whereas, type 2 diabetes is a lifelong chronic diseases caused due to excess secretion of insulin inside the body. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system is activated against self-insulin producing cells. This results into low production of insulin and also disrupts blood glucose homeostasis. In type 1 diabetes, exposure to viral infection such as mumps and coxsackie viruses results into pancreas damage which results into low insulin secretion. Type 1 diabetes is highly prevalent in young people and children whereas type 2 diabetes is common type of diabetes. Some of the common symptoms for type 2 diabetes are overweight, high blood pressure and high triglycerides. Diabetes is treated with the help of insulin delivery devices and drugs. Diabetes diagnostic devices includes analog blood meter, test strips, lancets and lancing devices whereas, insulin delivery devices includes insulin syringe, insulin pump, insulin pen and insulin jet injectors. Severe problems such as blindness, kidney failure, coronary heart disease and strokes may result due to lack of proper treatment.

A vaccine is a biological medical product designed to stimulate antibodies inside human body. Vaccine helps in providing immunity against various infectious diseases. Some of the common types of vaccine include inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines. Vaccines may be prophylactic and therapeutic. Therapeutic vaccine is a biological combination designed to develop immunity against a diseased cell or tissues. Therapeutic vaccines are developed to treat ailments from various cancers, HIV and Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic vaccine is used for cure and prevention of cancer whereas prophylactic vaccines are only used for prevention of cancer. Therapeutic vaccines are specially designed for HIV positive people who have healthy immune system. HIV virus damages human immune system, which results into weaker immune system and thus leading to less ability to fight with microorganisms. Therapeutic vaccines spur the immune system to attack targeted tissue. A therapeutic HIV vaccine is also known as treatment vaccines. Some of the drugs used for HIV treatment include atripla, epzicom, prezista, truvada, kaletra, isentress, reyataz and viread. In addition, there are large numbers of therapeutic vaccines which are under clinical developments. Therapeutic vaccines are also used to treat cancer as they provide greater bioavailability and specificity with minimal side effects. Some of the side effects associated with therapeutic vaccines are swelling, redness, soreness and pain at the site of injection. In addition, mild-flu like symptom is another side effect for therapeutic vaccines.

Peptic ulcer is a sore or hole in the lining of the stomach, duodenum or esophagus. Peptic ulcer is formed when the lining of the digestive system is corroded by acidic digestive juices. Peptic ulcer is the result of an imbalance between duodenum and digestive fluids in the stomach. Peptic ulcer includes gastric, esophageal and duodenal ulcer. Gastric ulcer occurs inside the stomach whereas esophageal ulcer occurs inside the esophagus that carries food from throat to stomach. Duodenal ulcer occurs inside the upper portion of small intestine. Infections from helicobacter pylori bacteria, uses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excess acid production from gastrinomas are some of the common causes of peptic ulcer. Stomach pain, bloating, heartburn, nausea and vomiting are some of the common symptoms for peptic ulcer. Bleeding from ulcer is the major symptoms for peptic ulcer. It is identified with the help of bloody and sticky stools. Peptic ulcer can be treated with the help of prescribed and over the counter drugs. Drugs used to treat peptic ulcer are antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, histamine blocker, antacids and cytoprotective agents. Acid blockers include ranitidine (Zantac), cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid) and nizatidine (Axid). Cytoprotective medication includes prescription and non-prescription based medications. Prescription based cytoprotective agent includes sucralfate (Carafate) and misoprostol (Cytotec). Non-prescription based cytoprotective agent includes bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). Peptic ulcers that are not healed with medications are known as refractory ulcer. Refractory ulcer usually occurs due to regular use of tobacco, resistance of helicobacter bacteria and regular use of pain relievers. In addition, stomach cancer is another cause for refractory ulcer.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common hormonal endocrine disorder. It is also known as Stein-Leventhal Syndrome. It caused due to formation of cysts on the ovary and don't form sufficient amount of hormone to initiate ovulation. Some of the symptoms of PCOS are irregular ovulation, polycystic ovaries, excessive facial hair growth, skin problems, thinning of hair on the scalp, high level of androgens in the body and irregular or no menstrual periods. The symptoms of PCOS are not related to each other, so the condition is usually overlooked or undiagnosed. The cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome is unknown. Excessive insulin and low grade inflammation are some of the factors which may lead to polycystic ovarian syndrome. There are no specific tests for the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Physical examination, medical history, blood tests, pelvic examination and vaginal ultrasound helps in diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to control the symptoms and prevent long term complications. Some of the complications associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome are sleep apnea, infertility, abnormal uterine bleeding, high blood pressure, uterine cancer, cholesterol and lipid abnormalities and type II diabetes. Treatment for PCOS is dependent on women's age, symptoms and future pregnancy plans. Lifestyle modification, surgery and medications are some of the treatment for PCOS. Surgery is performed to increase the chances of ovulation. Treatment may also include acne treatment, tropical anti hair growth medication, birth control pills to regulate menstruation and insulin sensitizing medication. Spironolactone, metformin, oral contraceptives and eflornithine are some of the drugs used for the treatment of PCOS.

Scar is a mark on the skin which appears due to damage of skin. Some of the major causes of scarring are infections, injuries, surgery, inflammation of tissue, acne and others. Technological advancements in scar treatment rise in research and development activities, increasing consumer disposable income and growing consciousness about appearance are the main driving forces for the growth of scar treatment market. On the basis of type of scar, scar treatment market can be segmented into burn scars, post-surgical scars and others. Burn scars are also known as hypertrophic scars. Post-surgical scars treatment varies with the degree of scaring. On the basis of product, scar treatment market can be segmented into gels, oils, creams and sprays. On the basis of treatment, scar treatment market can be segmented into invasive surgical treatment, elastic wraps, gel sheets and laser treatment. Scar treatment products are the alternatives to invasive surgical treatments. Scar treatment can remove the scars which are caused by surgeries such as appendectomy and by aesthetic reasons such as reduction in the appearance of acne scars. Some scars are hypersensitive and have low ability to remove.