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Biosimilars or follow-on biologics are biopharmaceutical drugs that are similar to approved biological drugs. Biosimilars are different from other generic drugs in terms of raw material and their manufacturing process. Generic drugs are composed of small molecules. However, biosimilars are composed of more complex molecules, such as human insulin and monoclonal antibodies. Many biosimilars are derived from plants, animals, bacteria, viruses and yeast. It is produced by recombinant DNA technology and controlled gene expression methods.

Cell culture is a process of removing cells from plant or animal and successive growth in an artificial and controlled environment. Cell culture is a major tool used in molecular and cellular biology. It is mainly of two types - primary cell culture and secondary cell culture.

In-vitro diagnostics is a method of performing a diagnostic test to detect disease, condition or infection in an artificial environment. Molecular diagnostic is one of the major segments of in-vitro diagnostics market. Molecular diagnostics is used to measure and detect the presence of genetic material associated with specific disease. It is used to identify DNA and RNA at molecular level. Molecular diagnostics is a tool to improve clinical outcomes and medical decisions. Molecular diagnostic includes all tests used to identify a disease, by analyzing molecules such as DNA, protein or RNA in a fluid or tissue.

Next generation sequencing is a process of DNA sequencing to determine the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Next generation sequencing technology enables rapid sequencing and produces million of DNA and RNA sequence with the use of next generation sequencer. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is also known as high-throughput sequencing. NGS has number of different modern sequencing technologies such as Illumina sequencing and Roche 454 sequencing. NGS provides a low cost and high throughput alternative for sequencing DNA as compare to traditional Sanger sequencing.

Materials that can store latent heat (energy released or absorbed by a material or a thermodynamic system at constant-temperature process) during the phase transition are called phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs latent heat transition can be achieved with solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, and liquid-gas phase change. However, only solid-liquid phase change is used in advanced PCMs at commercial level, since other methods required large volume and high pressure.

Regular consumption of tobacco and unhealthy foods are the major causes of dental diseases. Some of the major dental diseases are plaque, cavities and periodontal disease. Plaque is an excessive accumulation of the bacteria and germs that normally live in mouth. Cavities are holes where bacteria damages tooth's enamel. Periodontal disease is one of the major serious dental disorders that cause gum recession and damages soft and hard tissues.

Sports medicines refer to a branch of medicines that deal with treatment and prevention of the injuries and disorders that are caused by participation in sports and exercise. The U.S. has the largest market for sports medicines. This is due to high number of cases of sport injuries and raised awareness for these devices. Various devices such as splints and braces are used to safeguard the injured area. Implants such as artificial knee, meniscus and cartilage may be used for bone and cartilage reconstruction.

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) refer a group of genetic disorders that are caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme and activator proteins. Lysosomal enzyme helps in hydrolysis of protein, polysaccharide, DNA, RNA and lipid. In addition, lysosome also works as a waste disposal system of the cell by digesting unwanted material such as outside particles and unwanted macromolecules. Deficiency of lysosomal enzyme creates a defect in lysosomal functions, which results undigested material accumulation within the lysosome and causes disorders.

Packaging refers to an economical means of providing protection, presentation, identification information, convenience and compliance for a product during storage, carriage and display. In addition, packaging also helps manufacturers to differentiate their products from competitors. Pharmaceutical packaging is an essential part of pharmaceuticals product and drug delivery system in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical packaging protects products from physical damage, biological contamination and from all adverse external influences which can damage the properties of the products.

A cleanroom technology is basically a purified environment. It is highly regulated and used for the production of equipment sensitive to contamination. Cleanroom technology is an enclosed space in which airborne particulates, pollutants and contaminant are controlled to specific limit. Clean rooms are used to prevent the contamination of articles produced in the room. These contaminants are generated by process, people, facilities and equipments. Cleanroom have various applications in the field of electronics, semiconductors, optics, biotechnology, pharmacy, medical devices, food and drinks and hospitals.