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Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar level. It is caused by the improper functioning of the pancreas which secretes insulin. Diabetes is also known as diabetes mellitus. High blood sugar leads to increased thirst and hunger, and frequent urination. Lack of treatment for diabetes causes several complications such as diabetes ketoacidosis, heart disease, stroke, and kidney failures. Insulin infusion therapy is used to treat diabetes. There are three types of diabetes including type1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes, is characterized by low production of insulin by the body. Some of the conditions which lead to type 1 diabetes are addisons disease, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disease. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, predominant in overweight and obese people. Pancreatectomy, chronic pancreatitis, and cystic fibrosis are some of the conditions which lead to Type2 diabetes. Diabetes is treated through diabetes drugs such as insulin, metformin, and sulphonylureas. Diabetes drugs help in preventing complications and controlling blood glucose level in the blood. Some of the drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes are metformin, actos, avandia, lantus subcutaneous, and invokana. All drugs are administered orally except insulin, exenatide, liraglutide, and pramlintide. Insulin is delivered through insulin delivery devices including infusion pump, intravenous sets, insulin syringe, insulin pen, and jet injectors. Long acting, intermediate acting, short acting, and rapid acting are some of the types of insulin used to treat diabetes.

Paraxylene, also known as PX or P-Xylene, is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound, derived particularly from benzene. Paraxylene is a colorless, toxic, sweet-smelling, and highly flammable chemical at room temperature . It is found naturally in petroleum and coal tar. Paraxylene or P-Xylene is an isomer of xylene compound, derived from benzene. Some of the other isomers of xylene include O-xylene and M-xylene. Paraxylene finds its largest application in large-scale manufacturing of terephthalic acid for polyester; also known as parylene. The production process of paraxylene is one of the most complicated among all the chemicals; simple crystallization of the xylene normally led to complex purification process owing to the formation of eutectic mixtures . It is manufactured by catalytic reforming of naptha, a petroleum derivative, and separated in a series of adsorption or crystallization, distillation, and reaction processes from ethyl benzene, o-xylene, and m-xylene. The melting point of Paraxylene is highest among other isomers of xylene.

Self-cleaning glass, also known as low-maintenance glass, leverages an innovative dual-action process that involves decomposition of organic dirt on the windows by sunlight; which is later washed away by the rain.

Energy loss through lighting has become a concern for several governments. Smart lighting is an innovative lighting technology with improved energy efficiency. Smart lighting technology may include efficiency fixtures and automated controls that make adjustments based on conditions such as occupancy or availability of daylight. Everyday lighting accounts for 20% to 50% of the total electrical energy consumed globally. To reduce the total energy consumption, it is essential to use limited electric energy that pertains to certain condition and requirement. To meet the need of the hour, market players have come up with innovative lighting systems. Smart lighting is a technology, which uses intelligent light control system. Factors such as object movement, occupancy, color, temperature, and availability of natural light help the smart lighting technology to perform the most. Smart lighting technology utilizes lighting control systems, which deliver only the required amount of light. Additionally, smart lighting technology evolves the technology which automatically performs various functions at set time and given condition. Smart lighting technology provides highly flexible lighting at very low energy consumption and cost.

Household insecticides are used to repel, and/or kill insects such as mosquitoes, bed bugs, house flies, cockroaches, and ants in residential complexes or houses. Household insecticides are either synthetic or organic chemicals , or a combination of both types of chemicals.

A pigment is a chemical material, which alters the color of reflected or transmitted light due to wavelength-selective absorption. Pigmentation is entirely different from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, where materials emit light . Dyes are substances, which are naturally colored and have an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.

A smart grid sensor is a small and lightweight node that serves as a detection station in a sensor network. Smart grid sensors enable the remote monitoring of equipment such as transformers and power lines, and the demand-side management of resources on an energy smart grid. Smart grid sensors are generally used to monitor weather conditions and power line temperature, which can then be used to calculate the line's carrying capacity. This process, known as dynamic line rating, helps in increasing the power flow of existing transmission lines for power companies. A smart grid sensor can also be used within homes and businesses to increase energy efficiency. A smart grid sensor can be of four types: microcomputer, transducer, power source, and transceiver .

A wide range of composites are used in aerospace industry. Commercial aircrafts, defense aircrafts, helicopters, launchers and engines are made-up of composites. Aerospace composites help to lighten the weight of the components and increase the efficiency of the engines. Aerospace composites help in weight reduction subsequently decreasing the fuel consumption. Low weight and durability of components are of huge importance in aerospace and aircraft industry. The market for aerospace composites is classified as: carbon fiber reinforced composites, glass fiber reinforced composites, metal matrix composites, foam core materials and ceramic matrix composites among others. Aerospace composites are used in interiors as well as exterior of the aircrafts. In addition, to this ceramic matrix composites are used in manufacturing of engines, which sustains at higher temperatures. Moreover, aerospace composites provides various characteristics to the components such as fire resistance, durability, flexibility and lighter weight among others.

Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor on the inner wall of the large intestine. This is due to the abnormal growth of cells which have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The common causes of colorectal cancer are inflammatory bowel disease and genetic inheritance. The common symptoms of colorectal cancer include fatigue, diarrhea or constipation, shortness of breath, weakness, change in bowel habits, red or dark blood in stool, cramps, narrow stools, weight loss, abdominal pain, and bloating. These symptoms may develop several years after the formation of the tumor. Various stages for colorectal cancer are: stage 0, cancer in very early stages present in the innermost layer of the intestine; stage I, cancer present in the inner layers of colon; stage II, cancer spreads through muscle wall of colon; stage III, cancer spreads to lymph nodes, stage IV, cancer spreads to other organs. Some of the drugs in the pipeline for colorectal cancer therapeutics are Lonsurf, CYRAMZA (ramucirumab), TS-1/Teysuno, CPP-1X (eflornithine hydrochloride), MelCancerVac, Xilonix, and Nintedanib. There are various medications such as chemotherapy drugs, immunotherapy, and leucovorin (chemoprotectant) that can be used to treat colorectal cancer. Chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of colorectal cancer include antimetabolities such as fluorouracil and capecitabine. Monoclonal antibodies used in immunotherapy as part of the treatment of colorectal cancer are bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab.

An ulcer is a break in the skin due to loss or degeneration of the surface tissue. Mouth ulcer refers to an ulcer that appears on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. There are various types of mouth ulcers such as minor ulcers (diameter of around 2-8mm), major ulcers (bigger and deeper than minor ulcers), and herpetiform ulcers (a cluster of dozens of smaller sores). Some of the common causes of mouth ulcers are stress or tissue injury, excessive consumption of citric food such as lemons, oranges, apples, and others, impaired immune problems, and nutritional problems. Mouth ulcers can be prevented by avoiding tissue injury, keeping away from food that causes irritation in the mouth and maintaining oral hygiene. Apart from traditional methods, various drugs are used to treat mouth ulcers. Some of the major classes of drugs used to treat mouth ulcers are corticosteroids, analgesics, anesthetics, antihistamines, and antimicrobials. On the basis of the type of product, the global market for mouth ulcers treatment can be classified as mouthwashes, gels, sprays, and lozenges. Based on the indication, the market can be classified as aphthous stomatitis, oral lichen planus, and others.