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Hematology, a branch of medicine, deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of blood diseases. It includes problems associated with red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, bone marrow, blood vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, and proteins involved in bleeding and clotting processes. People can be affected by many different types of blood disorders. Major blood disorders that affect people include anemia, bleeding disorders, and blood cancer. Hemophilia and thrombosis are the most common types of bleeding disorders. Leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma are the major types of blood cancer. Leukemia is caused by the rapid production of abnormal WBCs, and occurs in the blood and bone marrow. It is mainly classified as chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system of the human body. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are the common types of lymphoma. Myeloma specifically affects plasma cells. Myeloma is mainly classified as multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome.

Electronic adhesives are a part of the electronic components used in the manufacture and assembly of electronic circuits and products. They are mainly used in wire tacking, binding the surface-mount components, and encapsulating components. Raw materials used in the production of electronic adhesives include silicones, epoxies, polysulfides, polyurethanes, and cyanoacrylates.

Composites contain high-performance fibers such as carbon or glass, and a matrix material. When used in vehicles, composite materials make them lighter, safer, and fuel efficient. Increasing demand for fuel efficient cars has been propelling the automotive composites market. Volatile crude oil prices and rising petroleum based fuel prices are boosting the growth of fuel efficient vehicles. Composites weigh about one-fifth of steel, however they are better than steel in terms of strength. Unlike steel and aluminum, composites do not rust or corrode. Additionally, composites significantly increase the fuel economy of the vehicle by reducing its overall weight by approximately 60%. The strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratio of the vehicle increases with the use of composite materials. The vehicle also achieves a high energy-absorbing capability per unit mass by using composite materials.

Recycled plastics are materials which go under the process of recovering waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products. In some cases, these finished products tend to be different in form from their original state. These plastics are also recycled during the production of plastic goods such as polyethylene bags and films. A part of these plastics is then bought into the main production operation. This trend has been practiced since the past few decades which have led to the production of certain plastic products amongst the most efficient operations. The global demand for plastic recycling has been rapidly growing over the past few years, where primary consumers of plastic packaging have started incorporating various recycled plastics in their products as part of the increasing focus towards recycling. Moreover, the industry for recycled plastics has been on the rise as prices for two of the major recycled plastics high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) continue to hold significant value in the overall plastic industry.

Precious metals are naturally occurring rare metallic elements having significant economic value. They have high luster, usually ductile which tend to be less reactive than most elements. Precious metals are primarily regarded as investments and industrial commodities. Platinum group metals and gold are some of the most prominent precious metals present in the industry. While the coinage metals, silver and gold are consumed in industrial applications, they are better known for their use in jewellery and art. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals: iridium, osmium, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and platinum.

Palladium is a lustrous silvery-white rare metal used in a diverse range of applications. The metal with other elements such as osmium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, and platinum are referred to as Platinum Group Metals (PGM). Palladium is majorly consumed in the automotive industry as catalytic converters, manufacturing of electronics and jewelry, as well as chemical and dental applications. Palladium is sourced from two major sources, viz., mine production and recycling.

Nitrogen is an odorless, colorless chemical element which is a source of raw material in various important industrial compounds such as nitric acid, ammonia, and cyanides. It occurs in majority of the organisms, primarily amino acids such as proteins, and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). Nitrogen is widely used as fertilizers where synthetically manufactured nitrates and ammonia are some of the vital industrial fertilizers used in the agrochemical industry. Other than fertilizers, nitrogen compounds are versatile organics used in industrial applications, developing Kevlar fabric and pharmaceutical drugs such as antibiotics.

Industrial explosives are blasting explosives with significant hazards, which are majorly used in construction, quarrying and mining industries. To enter into the industry, manufacturers require an explosives license to sell as well as sore industrial explosives or in some cases, they are exempted by the Explosives Act and Regulations. Various types of explosives and their accessories are manufactured in the industry such as safety fuse, detonating fuse, detonators, gun powder, nitro compound, ANFO (Ammonium nitrate – Fuel Oil) based explosives, cartridge explosives, bulk explosives and nitrate mixtures. Asia Pacific dominated the global industrial explosives market in terms of production with more than 30 key players involved in industrial explosives industry. Some of them include Indian Oil Corporation, Hubei Kailong Chemical Group Co., and Solar Industries India Limited among others. Europe accounts for the second largest manufacturer for industrial explosives, followed by North America, particularly United States and Canada.

Hyperspectral imaging is the process of collecting and processing of information across the electromagnetic spectrum. It is the combination of spectroscopy and digital imaging, implemented to create a spectral based contrast within the image. Hyperspectral images are formed with the help of an instrument called imaging spectrometer. These images are obtained at multiple wavelengths and shaped into a three-dimensional hyperspectral data cube with two spatial dimensions and one spectral dimension. Hyperspectral imaging also measures absorption of electromagnetic radiation, emission, and reflection; and provides a unique spectral signature for every pixel, used by processing techniques to identify and discriminate materials. Some of the advantages of hyperspectral imaging are the non-requirement of prior knowledge of the sample and the acquisition of entire spectrum at each point. In addition, it is an emerging imaging modality for the diagnosis of diseases and image guided surgeries. It provides extensive information for processing and analysis of the image. It also provides a continuous spectrum for each image cell and offers diagnostic information regarding tissue composition, morphology, and physiology. In addition, during the progression of the disease, the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence characteristics of the tissue change, and hyperspectral imaging helps in the diagnosis of the tissue pathology. It helps in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It also helps improve the quality of life and reduces medical cost. It is also used in industries such as agriculture, mining, environmental monitoring, food, mining and mineralogy, military surveillance, life-science and medical diagnostics, and process vision. In the agriculture industry, hyperspectral imaging is used to monitor the development and health of crops.

Infections are mainly caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi. Infections are categorized into several types. Major forms of infections include Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), stomach and intestinal infections, common childhood infections, eye infections, ear infections, lung and respiratory infections, skin infections and sexually transmitted infections (sexually transmitted diseases).