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Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused due to tissue damage or illness. It is caused due to injury and various diseases such as osteoarthritis, chronic arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, stomach ulcer, fibromyalgia and cancer. It can be classified on the basis of duration as acute pain and chronic pain. Acute pain is sudden onset of pain where as chronic pain persists for long periods. Chronic pain is mainly caused due to aging conditions of bone and joints and nerve damage and injury. Pain is managed by a particular set of drugs to reduce the symptoms or treat pain. Pain process is complex and there are various drugs that provide relief by acting through a variety of physiological mechanism. Opioids are the most prescribed pain medication. These are narcotic pain medications containing natural and synthetic opiates. Opioids are usually used for acute pain, such as short-term pain after surgery. Morphine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone and Codeine are some of the opioids used for pain management.

Automotive wiring harness is an assembly of wires or cables which transmits electrical power or signals in the automobiles. As compared to the individual electric wires in an automotive, automotive wiring harness are better safeguarded against the impact of vehicular vibrations. Additionally, automotive wiring harness is more secure from abrasions and moisture. The global automotive wiring harness market is witnessing exponential growth due to the increasing automobile industry.

Ear, nose and throat are some of the most important parts of the human body. It is very essential to keep these parts function properly. There are many factors, such as aging and sinusitis, affect the normal function of these organs. ENT, one of the most important branches of medical science, primarily focused to diagnosis and treatment of the various problems associated with ear, nose and throat. In addition, various ENT devices are available for the diagnosis and treatment of these organs associated diseases. Some of the most common ENT devices are diagnostic devices, surgical devices and therapeutic devices. Deficiencies related to hearing, smelling and speaking are diagnose and treated by the help of these ENT devices.

Fluoroscopy, also known as motion X-ray, produces mobile images of the body’s parts and organs. In fluoroscopy procedures, X-rays are passed through the body and received by an image intensifier. Image intensifier converts the X-rays into a visible and moving image on a monitor.

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries. Ovarian cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Epithelial tumor, stromal tumor and germ cell tumors are the type of ovarian cancer. Pelvic discomfort, abdominal pressure, urinary urgency, swelling, low back pain, loss of appetite, change in bladder habits and lack of energy are some of the sign and symptoms for the ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is diagnosed with the help of pelvic examination, blood test, ultrasound and other tests such as MRI, PET and CT. Lack of early warning symptoms and early diagnostic tests for detection are the major causes of high rate of death due to ovarian cancer. It is one of the common causes of cancer death in women. According to World Cancer Research Fund International, in 2012, 239,000 new cases of ovarian cancer were detected. Globally, it constitutes about 1.7% of all cancer cases in 2012. Inherited gene mutation, estrogen hormone replacement therapy, polycystic ovary syndrome and fertility treatment may increase risk of ovarian cancer. Some of the complications in ovarian cancer is it can spread to other organs such as abdominal cavity, pelvis and abdominal lymph nodes, bones, liver, brain and sac surrounding the lymph nodes. The treatment of ovarian cancer is based on the stage of the disease. The treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and biological therapy. Ovarian cancer is most chemo-sensitive cancer. The chemotherapy drugs are more effective when given in combination with radiation therapy.

Bioadhesives is a natural polymeric material which is used as adhesives (substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation) between two separate materials. Bioadhesives are mostly used to describe glue which is used to bind the substance and resist separation between two materials. Glue is synthetically (execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product) formed by using biological monomers (molecule that is used to chemically bind two molecules to form a polymer) such as sugars or by any synthetic material designed to adhere to biological tissue. Bioadhesives materials have the property to build durable interface between two classes of materials such as hard and soft materials, which are of disparate scale and exhibit certain characteristic which makes them different from synthetic adhesives. Protein and carbohydrate are the major substances used to make bioadhesives. Proteins (gelatin) and carbohydrates (starch) have been used as general-purpose glues by general public since ages.

The increasing automobile production and changing customer preferences in the interiors of their vehicles have been driving the automotive interior materials market. The original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have been focusing largely on reducing the vehicle weight to increase their fuel efficiency which has been increasing their investment on the interior materials. Lighter vehicles consume less energy to accelerate as compared to their heavier counterparts. A 10% reduction in vehicle weight can increase the fuel efficiency by 6%-8%. The unstable global crude oil prices are compelling the manufacturers to develop low weight vehicles which have been creating demands for automotive interior materials market. Moreover, with the reduction in weight, the vehicles can carry additional advanced emission control systems, safety devices and integrated electronic systems without increasing its overall weight. Additionally, increasing interest of American and European user towards smart fabrics has been further adding up to benefit the automotive interior materials market.

Antilock agents include antilock braking system (ABS) and electronic stability control system (ESC). Antilock agents improve vehicle safety by increasing its balance on the road, thereby minimizing accidents Antilock braking system reduces the uncontrollable skidding chances of a vehicle by preventing wheel lock up or cease in its rotation. Electronic stability control system improves the vehicular stability and reduces the traction loss.

Aviation security has been one of the key concerns in the aviation industry. The need for air cargo security and screening systems has become even more pronounced after the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. The customary security and screening practice in this area include physical inspection and canine methods (detection through trained dogs) which are not error-free. The new technologies in this area reduce the potential threats from terrorist activities and ensure safety by tracking explosives inside the air cargo. The air cargo industry and international and national regulatory authorities have been continuously making efforts to increase the screening levels of the air cargos with minimum of shipping hindrance through known shipper programs. These programs allow known shippers to screen their own cargo and check that they adhere to a common set of standards.

Ostomy is a surgically created opening, called as stoma, in the body. It is a surgical opening for the collection of waste products, such as urine, stool and mucus, from urinary bladder and intestine externally. Depending on the type of condition and needs of the patient an ostomy can be permanent or temporary. Different kinds of ostomies are named according to the organ involved such as urostomy, colostomy and ileostomy. Some of the ostomy products are ostomy care accessories and ostomy drainage bags. Ostomy drainage bags are specialty bags sited outside the patient’s body for waste collection such as stool, mucus and urine. It is used in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and other kidney and digestive diseases. Depending on the type of surgery ostomy bags are classified as urostomy bags, colostomy bags and ileostomy bags. Colostomy bags and ileostomy bags are further of two types: closed and drainable ostomy drainage bags. Ostomy drainage bag has one-piece system or two-piece system pouches. It is attached to the abdomen by the skin barrier over and around the stoma to collect the waste. It is usually attached away from the belt line. Some of the complications associated with use of ostomy drainage bags are prolapsed stoma, sore skin, food bolus blockage, stoma retention and parastomal hernia.